Poverty is a punishment of a crime which you do not commit

 Punishment which always determines the ones disciplines. Punishment is something which also prohibits one to commit crimes. In short it can be said that it is the punishment which ultimately lessens the crimes in the society but if someone gets punishment for a crime which he didn't commit. poverty is the same punishment of a person for a crime which the person did not commit intentionally, but still that person got punished for being in poverty or a poor 

As it is believed that poverty is all the evil of the society. Which pushes the poverty itself to stand on a line of crime. In other words It can be said, poverty is ultimately considered as a crime for which a person always punished through the various social constraints or some other means of repression. 

It is believed that "higher the poverty would be higher the crime in the society". Therefore poverty is always been targeted by the society for occuring all the wrong deedes and mis management in the surroundings responsibility lies only one group which don't have any cast and religion but known as the lowest and most suppressed group. as poverty which neither belongs to any religion nor any culture nor any cast and nor any mainstream and thrown to the outskirts of the society, anyhow they struggle to be alive which becomes more than a punishment for them for their survival.  .  

 In order to understand poverty let's look at this story and try to resonate it with 

 It was a cold night when only the blowing of the winds moving swiftly, on the one side of the road, where the road dwellers lived a cat gave birth three baby cats. Few days have passed since their birth, a fast running car killed their mother cat and someone took the two baby cats living the near Bangalow. One cat was living along with there road dwellers. she was happy because her siblings has been taken by someone in a big Bangalow where they can get food at time. the cat which was named cutty by a child it's not like that as you pronouncing the name but alright nobody cares how you pronounce a cat living roadside, right? Time to time she has to move for there foods where she liked and caressed by people sometimes which she didn't like. But what can she do because it was the question of her survival? Similarly persons living in the poverty face the similar kind of atrocities for their living. It never be considered how they are called, how they ar treated and how they earn there living nobody cares as if they have been punished to remain the same as they born. 

 

As Bill gates says to born in a poor family it's not a crime but still people look down poverty as a crime. It also been considered by the majority that poverty not only considered as a stigma for the country for the society but also considered less worthy than an animal whose birth and death even not been registered. no particular safeguards are provided to them as if they have committed a crime for which they have been punished. 

Thus looking into the lives of the poor it can be visualized that the poverty is like a punishment for them for a crime which they have not committed intentionally. .

Inclusive education issues and its remedial measures. ..

 Inclusive education simply refers to the such education where special child learns along with a normal child in same classroom environment. 

However there are a number of positive impact of the inclusive education upon the special students such as they learn not only-inn same environment but also they learn to cope up with normal people because they have to live mostly with the normal settings surroundings. 

 it focuses on to highlight along with positive impact there are several issues of inclusive education prevailing in the society, which has not been taken into account. 

Few issues such as

  lack of awareness- most of the people living in rural and semi urban areas are not aware or only partially aware of the inclusive education for their special child. Because of this unawareness most of the people remain uneducated in rural areas so there must be awareness spreading program in the country to make the people aware of the inclusive education for their special child.  

Inappropriate teacher efficiency- another major issue of inclusive education in rural and semi urban areas is most prevalent because of lack of efficiency in teachers training. teachers are not use to and they are not skilled in inclusive education. how to teach special child in same environment along with the normal students that ultimately result the special child degradation in marks and poor performance in the class. 

   Lackness in appropriate law- there is no particular law in Indian constitution for inclusive education so there is need to make a focused law centering  around the inclusive education which not only makes the inclusive education accessible in all the areas of the country but also which makes and provide some rights to the students with special need. 

Poverty- It is another issue of inclusive education because most of the Indian population are wether living in the rural countryside areas are uneducated or less educated apart from this they are not so wealthy that also hinders the parents to send their child for the education because it is assume the cost of education of the special child will be much more higher than normal child as well as they have difficulty to manage own their own. so poverty is one of the vital issue to hinder the inclusive education for the children with special need. 

These inclusive issues for the inclusive education is very much problematic for the society and which must be resolved in order to make the education more useful and easy going for the students with special need. in this government can make laws to make the inclusive education more efficient and every teacher training program must include inclusive education practices in order to make the every school inclusive and accessible for every special child with special need.

Comedy of menace in the play birthday party by Harold pinter...

 Comedy of menace in the play The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter

Comedy of menace refers to the body of plays written by eminent writers such as David Campton, Nigel Dennis, N.F. Simpson and Harold Pinter. The term menace is first coined by the drama critic Irving Wardle in 1958 while reviewing the Harold pinter and David campton play. The term is basically came from the word manners in Judeo-English accent.   

The term “comedy of menace” was first used by David Campton as a subtitle to his four short plays The Lunatic view”. Now it signifies a kind of play in which characters feel the menacing presence—actual or imaginary, of some obscure and frightening force, power or personality. The dramatist exploits this kind of menace as a source of comedy. Harold Pinter exemplified the possibilities by taking into account of this kind of situation in his early plays like "The Room", "Birthday Party" and "A Slight Ache", where characters and the audience both confront an atmosphere, apparently funny, absurd but actually having suggestiveness of some impending threat or anxiety from outside. Pinter himself explained the situation thus: "more often than not the speech only seems to be funny - the man in question is actually fighting a battle for his life". He also said: Everything is funny until the horror of the human situation rises to the surface! Life is funny because it is based on illusions and self-deceptions, like Stanley’s dream of a world tour as a pianist, because it is built out of pretence.” In fact the play Birthday Party is built around the exchanges of words, which, though funny enough, contain hints that suggest the impending doom lurking around to them. 

Meg’s situation as a childless old woman who talks with repetitions may seem funny and odd, but those cover up her unconscious desire to have son, a desire she tries to fulfil through the mothering of Stanley and Petey. But Above all, Stanley’s staying in a sea-side lodge, his shabby appearance combined with inconsistent words and memorising may seem strange and invoke mild laughter but in reality he is facing a crisis which he is himself not completely aware of.

Pinter creates an atmosphere of menace through a variety of dramatic elements and techniques. First of all, he lets situations fall from a light-hearted situation unexpectedly down to one which is highly serious. For instance, while talking to Meg among other things, he tells her about a wheel-barrow which will come to the house for some body. Here we get a suggestion of impending death through the sudden reference to coffin. Again, we see Meg offering Staley the gift of a drum as a compliment to his supposed musical talent. But Stanley begins to beat it with such savagery that the audience is left dumb-struck as to the real intention behind this. 

This kind of abrupt explosion of violence is once again seen when the conversation between Stanley and mccann transformed when Stanley kicks at McCann. But more importantly, menace is presented through the fears the characters feel but cannot expressed apparently. 

First of all, fear of weather is introduced: the characters repeatedly enquire about weather, this prevails certain kind of anxiety as well as kind of a fear in the characters and this becomes obvious once the audience understand that the lodge is situated on the coast of a sea. Then Stanley tries to frighten Meg by prophesying the arrival of wheel-barrow which, of course, does not come for her. 

Another menacing atmosphere propels when the news arrives to Stanley that the two gentleman is arriving to lodge along with him in this h lodge., hearing the visit of two strangers, Stanley feels a complex fear as well as anxiety to lose the position which he possesses—first of all, the fear of being driven away from the lodge which has become for him as comfortable as his mother’s womb. A house represents security and comforts from the hazards of the outside world but sadly it is impossible to sustain. Goldberg and McCann is the embodiment of menace from a hostile outside world. We also note that he stays in a lodge, which cannot be a substitute for home. Secondly, Stanley faces the fear of being persecuted by the intruders. That is why he expresses his desire to run away with Lulu, but is afraid of doing so in reality.  

With the hosting of the birthday party, the play reaches its climax of menace. A birthday party is expected to be a ritualistic celebration of one’s life, but in the case of Stanley it turns out to be the greatest ordeal of life leading to his complete mental dysfunction. The audience now understand the menace turning real though in transformed forms. Stanley faces not only physical assault but also a torrent of words, with the serious accusations like "He’s killed his wife" mingled with trivial and ludicrous like "Why do you pick your nose?". The persons who could have saved him are either absent or drunk.

The play ends with Stanley’s forced removal from the house by Goldberg and McCann who leave a further note of unknown menace awaiting Stanley in near future. This uncertain menace is further strengthened by Petey’s inability to communicate to Meg what has exactly happened with Stanley. To conclude, it can be said that the final impression of the play on the audience echoes Pinter’s own words: " In our present-day world, everything is uncertain, there is no fixed point, we are surrounded by the unknown ... There is a kind of horror about and I think that this horror and absurdity (comedy) go together". 

Six elements of play by Aristotle...

 according to Aristotle Tragedy is an imitation of the action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude through pitty and fear effecting the proper purgation catharsis. 

He states  that any tragedy can be divided into six constituent parts.

    These are: Plot, Character, Thought, Diction, Song and Spectacle. 

Plot- The Plot is one of the important part of a tragedy. The plot refers to ‘the arrangement of the incidents’ or "series of events". Normally the plot is classified into five acts, and each Act is further divided into several scenes. The dramatist’s main skill lies in dividing the plot into Acts and Scenes in such a way that they may produce the maximum visual effect in a natural development. Aristotle asserts three important classification of any tragedy is unity of plot, unity of time, and unity of action. Thus plot unity among the acts or scenes is very much essential for constructing the play and it must be united or linked to each other so The readers can grasp the essence of the play.

 Character- Characters are those who perform in the Play in simple words, characters are men and women who act. The hero and the heroine are two important figures among the characters. Different plays like comedy or tragedy consist of different kinds of characters, for example in comedy characters possess the several flaws where as in tragedy the protagonist holds the highest virtue or a virtuous quality. person with the virtue in tragedy where as a person with the flaws in comedy. 

Thought- Thought means what the characters think or feel during their life sphare in the development of the plot. The thought is expressed through their speeches and dialogues. 

Diction- Diction is the medium of expression or language through which the characters communicate or reveal their thoughts and feelings. The diction should be ‘embellished with each kind of artistic element’. 

Song- The song is one of the embellishments technique. The decoration of the stage is the major part of 

Spectacle- the spectacle. The Spectacle is theatrical effect presented on the stage. But spectacle also includes scenes of physical torture, loud lamentations, dances, colourful garments of the main characters, and the beggarly or buffoonery appearance of the subordinate characters or of the fool on the stage. These are the six constituent elements which construct the tragedy.  

What is drama? definition history and dimension...

 Play or drama is a specific jondra of fiction which is performed and mend to be performed wether in theatre or television play, Opera, mime, ballet, etc. Are considered a performing art for theatrical presentation in theatre or television. 

The term drama is drive from the Greek word "Drao" which means Action. Earlier it was also said the term  has been coined by ancient Greek term which means "I do".

  the term play first of all drive from from Anglo section word "Plegon" and in Latin it was "Ludus". 

 Earlier dramatist was called playmaker and play house for theatre until William Shakespeare. 

 Aristotle in his dramatic theory Poetics introduced two kinds of dramas comedy and tragedy. in which he commented that the tragedy is the highest form of drama.  Aristotle also introduced six elements which constitute a drama. These constituent elements are Plot, characters, thought, diction, song ,, and spectacles. 

  Mime is a form of drama which uses the technique to express the action of the plot only through movements of the body. It combines the music it becomes The dramatic text in Opera is is generally in a musical form of a song. Ballets dance is a performing art in which it imitates to express the emotion and action of the characters. 

Further on we will look upon the history of drama and how it emerged as well as different aspects of drama.

Significant of the title The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams... COMMENT UPON THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THE TITLE THE GLASS MENAGERIE BY TENNESSEE WILLIAMS. . .

 glass menagerie one of the celebrated text of Tennessee Williams, it can be manifested at various level and it has symbolic meaning in terms of the title itself too. Although in the family, the relationship between one another is quite disorganised,  dysfunctional, inappropriate and questionable.  Manifestation of the title The Glass Menagerie and it's deeper meaning to which the title foreshadows. The text opens with the family having supper. As this dinner continues it seems clear that they are living in a single parent household along with mother, Amanda, who is fantasized in her youth, a son, Tom, who is looking for an attempt to separate himself from the dysfunction of his mother, and a daughter, Laura, a physically handicapped that hampers her from participating in day to day activities including interacting with people. But as the story puts forward along with Laura is somewhat broken out of her shell, Tom moves out, and Amanda comes close to her daughter. The title “The Glass Menagerie” seems to suggest transparency, fragileness as well as menagerie refers to the fragile world, which need special attention and care, which elucidates exactly what this family is like and requires. Analysing the play in terms of their relations to the title it seems clear that the title has more meaning then it meets at first glance. Some may argue that the title has no relation as far as the play is concerned so far, due to the dilemma such as who is the Central character? and how the title does not help in defining the underlying meaning of the play? These questions may very or  change, but the question, why is “The Glass Menagerie” a suitable title? 

The glass menagerie is an apt title because of it's symbolically an illusive perspicacity which leads towards a certain mystery to the play, it unfolds  demure quality to the characters in relation with life, and it provides to the symbolic meaning to the characters. 

 In the play there is a scuffle scene between Tom and Amanda when they are having an argument about Tom and where he spent his time when he leaves home after work. As the scuffle arises Laura’s collection of figurines shatters that composed of delicate glass which shaped as animals which symbolises Laura and her delicacy itself.. Glass is both fragile and delicate which puts some lights to describe Tom and his mother’s affinity, and the figurines glass scatter at the time when there own relationship cracks. The mystery is why this glass? Why the glass menagerie at this particular time? The implied Enigma would reflect the fact they are in somehow like the glass figurines and are decorated in a glass case making them venerable, fragile and easily broken. 

The titles mystery is not just towards the character’s delicacy, but the mystery of the titles affiliation with impossible dream and illusion of life surrounded by the fragile world of illusion and dreams of life.

It is clear to point out the irrelevance of Amanda’s fantasized illusion and dreamlike attitude, tom’s get away attitude, and Laura’s over charged shyness, but there behaviors are not to completely out of context or irrelevant to reality of life. At the beginning of the play Tom says “"I reverse it to that quaint period, the thirties, when the huge middle class of America was matriculating in a school for the blind.”(282-83) Tom offered an  insight to a time period when the economy was stumbling and struggling due to the immense depression. Life at that time was difficult, and for Amanda being the only parent in her household it was even more more difficult. Her reverting back to her past is not at all for fetched or uncommon. Humans desire to return back to their best time the time when they have enjoyed their lives so they are able to cope up with the present. All the characters found ways to cope up with there situations whether it is bunking class or going to the movies. Laura’s defect gave her introversion that most people suffer from, especially those in her position, and Tom’s desire to come out of the nest stems from him getting older and not being able to experience what young men of his age achieve. The complicated circumstances and the fragileness of the economy marks the title suitable and its relevance to life and it concatenates some specific meaning to each character.

The underlying meaning of the title brings the front the symbolic meaning to the characters.  the title of the play The Glass Menagerie not only adds in the symbolic interpretation of the characters but it also adds in the theme of the play which sets the tone of the play and its meaning as illusion and impossible dream which construct the fragile world and its dreams which is so delicate as the glass figurines. and its characters would be just that, characters in the fragile world as the animals in the glass which can be scatterd with a slight touch of reality and all the illusions disperse. Because the play uses real life situations it makes easy to comprehend with the circumstances to the characters and actually understand each of them. Tom says at the end of the play “I didn’t go to the moon, I went much further-for time is the longest distance between places.”(329) through this statement by Tom, it can be drawn or analysed that these characters consist constructive and deeper desire as well as aspirations for more then offered. Being a narrator Tom represents all the characters and their insight of how they perceive the world around them. As the play puts forth towards ending, characters evolve from being associated or being in a glass case to finding their way out of that enclosure. “The Glass Menagerie” is no longer remained a relic or just a title about a glass figurines, but instead a window into the characters desire and unfulfilled dreams of lives.

 Thus “The Glass Menagerie” is an appropriate title for such a symbolically enriched play. Some would not agree that “The Glass Menagerie” is an apt title. Amanda’s fantasized perception and fascination with the past, Laura’s “inferiority complex due to her physical disturbness” (321), and Tom’s urgency to come out from sense of captivity is as obvious as the title and is simple as symbolic as the characters perform. This can be interpreted as the family fails to achieve the desire rather their dreams become impossible and it breaks as the glass scatters. however they don't seem to be as transparent as the title suggest the glass, there are few moments which bring this belief that Amanda’s reasoning’s to live in the past is based upon her present condition and because of that she wants her kids have better lives then she had. Toms unhappy and displeased mood causes him to write poems, and narrate the play so we are able to understand and know what the family’s current situation is and could find a relation to them and our own lives. Laura’s shyness and her blossoming nature insinuates at the end of the play how much she is as a character and how she is the most important figure in what the title tends to demonstrate in the play.

 Tennessee Williams takes into account  the world of a middle class family in the 1930’s who faced various issues related with their day to day life and that they may or may not be fully aware of, and Makes it visible in the fore front so that the readers can feel what these characters experience. mother plays the role of both parents because of their broken household and offers her an image from her current situation which reconstructs her youth or dream world and brings to the front a son who sees his broken family and cannot help or fight the fact to get rid of, so he indulges into watching movies or to drink, and a daughter who is physically challenged and allowing this disability to control her back to be a women she should be, and the beauty she poses. These characters give insight view to what is real. Making a glance towards the title what the author wants to insinuates through the title The Glass Menagerie has to deal with one hand it breaks the preconceived notion and idealized perception about the dream world which is fragile and delicate as if made of glass and impossible to achieve, another hand it suggests that the idea of illusion and impossible dream is scatters with a slight touch of reality such as the glass figurines breaks. so it needs proper care and attention in order to achieve the dream. Means glass is easily broken, can have cracks, and makes even the tiniest flaws visible. So it needs proper action to maintain the delicacy in this rough world.

Immigrants American writers

 Struggle of immigrant writers in America and establishment of their identity as a writer.  

American literature is the literature which refers to the writings that is written or produced by people of America. These days American writing has reached the apex of creation because of their native and migrant writers. To understand the American literature in the context of migrant Writers we must take into consideration their history of migration, their struggle for their identity in American writing. Their way of writing, theme and ideology; and establishment of the writing in the literary relms of America. 

What constitute contemporary American immigrant literature to elucidate this question we need to start by considering the Global immigration in later 20th century as well as American immigration policy. During the 1840 to 1880 number of immigrants were 5 million who mostly came from UK Ireland Germany etc. Because of famine and social upheaval. The first quarter of the 20th century it reached 2 17 million . 1920 migration ended to control the flow of immigrance. In 1965 hart cellar immigration act abolished the National Kota system.  

Though not born in American soil but   Still became US citizen, some were pushed by political forces some came for job opportunity but each brought a new thread to American tapestry. Struggle with the issue of migration reform, they played a significant role in American literature and culture. 

American literature has been reached The Apex of creation in the realms of literature. There are a number of Writers who achieved the Nobel Prize for their works. sinclair lewis is the first writer who achieved the Nobel Prize in 1930 this is the first time in American history. After that many writers like Toni Morrison , Ernest Hemingway and many more who achieved a Nobel Prize and established a distinguished identity in the world creation of literature. 

History of American literature was not much older. John Smith was considered the first writer of American literary history. It doesn't mean that American people were not involved in Literature but there literature was mostly in oral form. Their poetry story myths where mostly in oral form that's why that were not preserved. After the 1600 they started to write in English when they are colonized by European country. More over they started to write about social and political condition of their country. When the migrated peoples started to live there but they are still attached with their country. 

When some immigrant writers started to write they mostly wrote about their love with their motherland , their culture, their community. and memoir. Khaled hosaini who was from Afghanistan and after the Russian invasion in 1983 he became the US citizen. His book kite runner in 2003 was achieved a great uplore and became the best New York seller throughout the year. In which he depicted his journey of life from Afghanistan to America and his struggle in in Afghan. 

Women also played very monumental role in contemporary migrant voices. South Asian women also started to write about their culture and individuality. They are mostly writing about their own life. Sara suleri in her book the "Meatless Days" in 1983 .bhapsi sidhwa is another writer who wrote for her parsi community. 

Immigrant writers mostly consist the theme of diaspora, anxiety, freedom, self independency, a sense of despair, individual Desire, etc. 

Immigrant writers also played very significant role in the contemporary American literature. They mostly wrote about their anxiety of dispora and culture. They expressed their struggle for identity with their distinct culture.